According to search-discovered classical Islamic scholarship, Madyan (Midian) refers to an ancient Arab tribe, descended from Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham), to whom the Prophet Shu'ayb was sent as a messenger. As detailed by authoritative commentators such as Ibn Kathir and Al-Tabari, the people of Madyan had fallen into profound spiritual and moral decay, characterized by two primary transgressions: shirk (polytheism), as evidenced by their worship of 'Al-Aykah' (the Wood), and systemic economic corruption, most notably 'tatfif'—defrauding people by giving short measure and weight. The Quranic narrative, spanning across several surahs, highlights Prophet Shu'ayb's eloquent call for them to return to the worship of the one true God and to establish justice and fairness in their commercial dealings. Al-Qurtubi's analysis further elaborates on the legal and ethical implications of their sins, framing them as a violation of both divine rights and human rights. Their persistent rejection of this guidance culminated in a multifaceted divine punishment—an earthquake, a mighty blast, and a day of overshadowing gloom—which serves as a potent Quranic warning against the perils of combining idolatry with social and economic injustice.