According to search-discovered classical Islamic scholarship, the concept of Jesus ('Isa) bearing witness on Resurrection Day, as stated in Quran 4:159, is a significant eschatological event. This testimony will be delivered *against* the People of the Book (Jews and Christians). Classical commentators like Ibn Kathir explain that Jesus will testify that he delivered the true message of worshipping one God, and will refute the false beliefs held about him. He will bear witness against the Jews for their rejection and their claim of having crucified him, and against the Christians for their having elevated him to the status of God or son of God. This testimony is linked to the preceding part of the verse, which states that every one of the People of the Book will believe in him before 'his death'. There are two primary scholarly interpretations of this phrase: either each individual from the People of the Book realizes the truth at the moment of their own death when it is too late, or that all of them who are alive at the time of Jesus's second coming will believe in him correctly before he himself dies a natural death. In either interpretation, his testimony serves as a final judgment on how his message was received and distorted.