According to search-discovered classical Islamic scholarship, Inheritance (الميراث, Al-Mirath), also known as 'Ilm al-Fara'id (the science of the ordained quotas), is a comprehensive and divinely ordained system for the distribution of a deceased Muslim's property. As detailed in the Qur'an, particularly Surah An-Nisa (verses 4:7, 4:11, 4:12, 4:176), this system replaced arbitrary pre-Islamic customs with a just framework that establishes the rights of heirs, with specific, fixed shares for both men and women. Classical scholars like Al-Tabari explain that these laws were a revolutionary reform, granting inheritance rights to women and children who were previously excluded. Al-Qurtubi and Ibn Kathir emphasize that these shares are a divine command ('faridah'), not subject to human alteration, and must be distributed after the settlement of debts and any valid bequests (wasiyyah), which are limited to one-third of the estate and cannot be for a legal heir. The synthesis of these Quranic verses and prophetic traditions creates a holistic system that aims to ensure economic justice, maintain family cohesion, and provide for the vulnerable, reflecting the wisdom and mercy of Allah.