According to search-discovered classical Islamic scholarship, the science of Apportionment (`Ilm al-Fara'id`) is the divinely mandated system for distributing the estate of a deceased Muslim, detailed with mathematical precision in the Quran. This system, also known as Mirath (inheritance), is not merely a legal guideline but a profound act of worship and submission to Allah's wisdom, as outlined in Surah An-Nisa. Classical authorities like Ibn Kathir and Al-Qurtubi explain that these laws were revealed to replace arbitrary and unjust pre-Islamic customs, establishing a just framework that protects the rights of all heirs, especially women and children who were previously excluded. The Fara'id specifies non-negotiable, fixed shares for primary heirs, ensuring that the distribution of wealth is free from human bias and prevents familial disputes. Adherence to this divine apportionment is considered obedience to Allah's sacred limits (`Hudud Allah`), leading to immense reward.