According to search-discovered classical Islamic scholarship, the punishment for murder and spreading corruption on earth ('Fasad fil-Ard') is grounded in the profound principle of the sanctity of human life established in Quran 5:32. Tafsirs by Ibn Kathir and Al-Tabari explain this verse was revealed after the first murder, decreeing that killing one innocent soul is tantamount to killing all of humanity. However, the verse itself carves out two critical legal exceptions: punishment in retaliation for murder (Qisas) and for 'spreading corruption in the land.' Al-Qurtubi's juridical analysis connects this principle to the specific punishments detailed in the following verse (5:33) for crimes like highway robbery, terrorism, and treason, which fall under the category of 'Fasad fil-Ard' or 'Hirabah'. Therefore, the severe punishments are justified by the immense value Islam places on every individual life and the need to protect society from chaos.