According to search-discovered classical Islamic scholarship, mountains (Arabic: جبال, Jibal) are presented in the Quran as profound creations with a dual purpose. As described in verses like 21:31 and 78:7, they function as geological stabilizers or 'pegs' (Awtad) that steady the earth, a concept that resonates with the modern scientific understanding of isostasy. Classical commentators like Ibn Kathir emphasize this physical role while also highlighting their greater spiritual significance. Thematically, mountains are among the most powerful signs (Ayat) of Allah's creative power and majesty. The Quran uses them as a parable for steadfastness and grandeur, yet also for ultimate humility, as seen in the powerful imagery of a mountain crumbling to dust out of awe for Allah's word (Quran 59:21). This synthesis of physical function and spiritual symbolism establishes mountains as a key theme for contemplation on creation, divine power, and the transient nature of the world.