According to search-discovered classical Islamic scholarship, the concept of **under duress (Al-Ikrah)** refers to the act of being unjustly compelled to perform an action against one's will through threat or intimidation. The foundational ruling for this principle is derived from **Quran 16:106**, which explicitly permits a believer to utter words of disbelief if forced, provided their heart remains steadfast in faith. Classical scholars like **Ibn Kathir** and **Al-Qurtubi** explain that this verse was revealed concerning early Muslims, such as Ammar ibn Yasir, who were tortured to renounce their faith. Islamic jurists have delineated specific conditions for duress to be legally valid, including the severity and imminence of the threat, the coercer's ability to carry it out, and the victim's inability to escape. They also distinguish between **compelling duress (Ikrah Mulji)**, which removes both consent and choice, and **non-compelling duress (Ikrah Ghayr Mulji)**, which only removes consent. This principle extends beyond matters of faith to other areas of Islamic law, such as contracts and oaths, demonstrating the importance of free will and intention in determining accountability.