According to search-discovered classical Islamic scholarship, the concept of the Judge (Al-Hakam) is twofold: it is fundamentally an exclusive attribute of Allah, Who is the supreme and ultimate Lawgiver and Judge, and derivatively, a responsibility entrusted to humanity. The Arabic root H-K-M, as analyzed by Al-Tabari, signifies wisdom, ruling, and judgment. Ibn Kathir's tafsir across numerous verses, especially Surah Al-Ma'idah 44-47, emphasizes that any human judge (Qadi or Hakim) is obligated to rule strictly by what Allah has revealed. To judge by any other standard is defined as an act of disbelief, wrongdoing, or rebellion. Al-Qurtubi further details the practical requirements for a human judge, including knowledge, integrity, and impartiality, framing their role as a sacred trust (amanah) mentioned in Quran 4:58. The synthesis of these 35 verses establishes that in Islam, all judgment flows from Allah; the human judge is not a legislator but an implementer of divine justice.