According to search-discovered classical Islamic scholarship, the concept of 'deathbed repentance excluded' is a fundamental principle of Divine Justice articulated in Quran 4:18. Ibn Kathir explains that repentance is not accepted from those who persist in sin until death confronts them, a state known as 'gharqhara' (the death rattle). This is not a limitation of Allah's mercy, but a condition of the test of life. Al-Tabari clarifies that repentance is an act of faith in the unseen ('ghayb'). Once the afterlife becomes a witnessed reality at the moment of death, the test is over, and repentance is one of desperation, not sincere faith. The Quranic account of Pharaoh's rejected repentance while drowning (Quran 10:90-91) serves as the ultimate example of this divine law. This principle underscores the urgency of sincere and timely repentance throughout one's life.